Today was the day that the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) gave judgment in
Case C‑351/12,
OSA – Ochranný svaz autorský pro práva k dílům hudebním o.s. v Léčebné lázně Mariánské Lázně a.s., a reference for a preliminary issue from a Czech court, the Krajský soud v Plzni. This case has already been eloquently and elegantly explained by Eleonora on the IPKat weblog,
here, so I shall content myself with reproducing the Cura
press release and adding the occasional comment. According to the press release:
A spa which transmits protected musical works to its guests by means of devices located in their bedrooms must pay copyright fees
The territorial monopoly granted to copyright collecting societies is not contrary to the freedom to provide services
OSA, a copyright collecting society, holds the exclusive right in the Czech Republic to collect fees, on behalf of authors, for the use of their musical works. The company Léčebné lázně Mariánské Lázně, which manages a spa, installed radio and television sets in the bedrooms of that establishment in order to make works managed by OSA available to its guests. However, Léčebné lázně Mariánské Lázně did not enter into a licence agreement with OSA and refused to pay fees to it on the ground that, under the Czech legislation, health establishments may freely transmit protected works. OSA, being of the view that the national legislation is contrary to the EU Copyright Directive, brought an action before the Czech courts claiming that Léčebné lázně Mariánské
Lázně should be ordered to pay fees for having made protected works available to its guests.
The Krajský soud v Plzni (Plzeň Regional Court, Czech Republic) asked the Court of Justice whether the Czech legislation under which health establishments are exempt from the payment of copyright fees is in accordance with the directive, inasmuch as that directive does not provide for an exemption of that kind. The Czech court also wishes to know whether OSA’s monopoly over the collection of fees in the Czech Republic is compatible with the freedom to provide services and with competition law.
By its judgment delivered today, the Court points out, first, that by transmitting protected works by means of television and radio sets located in the bedrooms of its guests, a spa carries out a communication to the public of those works. Such a communication must be authorised by the authors, who must, in principle, receive adequate compensation.
In that respect, the Court notes that the directive does not exempt a spa from the payment of fees where it transmits protected works to its guests. Consequently, the exemption laid down by the Czech legislation does not comply with the directive [It's difficult to see how the CJEU could have credibly reached any other conclusion on this point].
Secondly, the Court notes that the territorial monopoly granted to OSA constitutes a restriction on the freedom to provide services inasmuch as it does not allow users of protected works to choose the services of a collecting society established in another Member State. The Court emphasises however that the restriction in question is justified, since that system is appropriate and necessary for attaining the objective of the effective management of intellectual property rights. As EU law stands at present, there is no other method allowing the same level of copyright protection [despite dreams that have been entertained from time to time of a "perfect world" in which competing collecting societies continue to undercut each other until the copyright owners are assured of the closest sum to zero that the market will allow them ...].
The Court therefore concludes that the monopoly granted by the Czech legislation to OSA is compatible with the freedom to provide services.
The Court notes, however, that the imposition by a national copyright collecting society of fees which are appreciably higher than those charged in other Member States or the imposition of prices which are excessive in relation to the economic value of the service provided is indicative of an abuse of a dominant position [this is an interesting topic: "appreciably higher" can be measured in percentage terms or absolute terms, obtaining quite different results -- and "excessive in relation to the economic value of the service provided" is a phrase that screams "litigate me!"]. Nevertheless, it is for the Czech court to examine whether such a situation exists in the present case.
I am not sure how to understand your comment on the perfect world? The EU (whether competition, courts, commission) has not pushed for this race to the bottom. If I recall correctly, even in the Simulcasting decision there was some support for the view that the tarif (not the admin fee) could be agreed upon in this situation. The 'race to the bottom' is more scaremongering tactics than anything else.
ReplyDeleteUntil we see the decision in full it's hard to second guess the Court's reasoning for allowing a monopoly. There is of course one long held view that collecting societies are a natural monopoly. Why not, although for online rights that is certainly not the case. But this misses the point that the monopoly is systematically awarded to the national collecting society, i.e. the local incumbent. This is not satisfactory for anyone - when the incumbent is poor, it's political ties with the national authorities means there is no chance of it loosing its monopoly (think of the old culture funds chipped from Anglo-US repertoire and funding the local cultural events?).
This situation is at best questionable, and (pending the full decision) this looks like a rather sad day.