Professor Eugene Volokh and his Scott &
Cyan Banister First Amendment Clinic at UCLA School of Law recently filed an amicus brief on behalf of several law professors
in the Lindsay Lohan v. Take-Two Interactive case currently pending at the New
York Court of Appeals.
Lindsay Lohan sued in 2014 Take-Two
Interactive, the maker of the “Grand Theft Auto V” video game, claiming that it
had used her image when creating the character Lacey Jonas, see here and here, and thus violated her right to privacy under New York Civil Rights Law § 51 by misappropriating her likeness.
Reality show star Karen Gravano filed a similar
suit, claiming that the character Andrea Bottino was modeled after her.
Both of these actions failed, as Take-Two did not use Plaintiffs’ names,
portraits or pictures. The game did not refer to Plaintiffs by name, did not
use their actual names in the video game, did not use them as actors, and did
not use their photographs either, see here. Plaintiffs have appealed.
Characters are protected
by the First Amendment
The brief concentrates on the free speech
issue, arguing that video games are expressive works and thus protected by the
First Amendment.
The authors of the brief argue that “[c]elebrities
like Gravano and Lohan are significant parts of that “popular culture,” and Take-Two must be free to use even their
literal names
and likenesses (as was
done in Forrest Gump, for example) to capture the essence of that culture.”
The brief cites the Comedy III Productions, Inc. v Gary
Saderup, Inc.,
where the California Court of Appeals found that the right of publicity “has the potential of censoring significant expression
by suppressing alternative versions of celebrity images that are iconoclastic,
irreverent, or otherwise attempt to redefine the celebrity’s meaning.”
New York law only
protects against unauthorized use of likeness in trade
Authors of the brief also argued that the New
York right of privacy is generally limited to commercial advertising, and does
not extend to creative works. Indeed, New
York state does not recognize a common law right of privacy, only a statutory
right of publicity, and New York right of publicity statute only forbids the
use without consent of a person’s name, portrait, picture or voice “for advertising purposes or for the purposes
of trade.”
The New York courts have consistently
interpreted the law narrowly and the Appellate Division held in September 2016
that the Grand Theft Auto V video game, “does
not fall under the statutory definitions of ‘advertising’ or ‘trade.’”
The authors of the brief also argue that only explicit
use of a person’s name or likeness is protected by New York right of publicity
statute. A mere suggestion is not enough.
A recent attempt to expand
the scope of New York right of publicity law
The New York Legislature is trying to expand
the scope of New York right of privacy by enacting Assembly Bill A08155. The bill would make the likeness
of an individual a personal property, freely transferable.
It defines the “likeness” of an individual as “an image, digital replica, photograph,
painting, sketching, model, diagram, or other recognizable representation of an
individual's face or body, and includes a characteristic.” A
“characteristic” is defined as “a
distinctive appearance, gesture or mannerism recognized as an identifying
attribute of an individual.”
Is a video game
protected by the First Amendment?
The bill has not been enacted. Plaintiffs’ claims may prosper
under this law, or may not, as it provides a First Amendment defense. The main
issue would then no longer be whether the creators of the game indeed used
Plaintiffs’ likenesses, but whether a video game is worthy of the protection of
the First Amendment.
Plaintiff Gravano seems to have anticipated
this hypothesis, as she argues that “a
video game that is primarily a commercial product [is] not afforded absolute
protection as a creative work.”
However, authors of the brief cite the Supreme
Court City of Lakewood v Plain Dealer Publ’g Co where the court explained that “the degree of First Amendment protection”
of speech “is not diminished merely
because the . . . speech is sold rather than given away.”
Stay tuned…
No comments:
Post a Comment