Academics referenced in New Zealand

All eight of New Zealand's universities are being taken to the New Zealand Copyright Tribunal for refusing to agree to an increased annual licence fee which allows lecturers to copy authors' work for students. After a year of negotiations, Universities New Zealand (UNZ) has refused to a proposed $6 increase which has resulted in Copyright Licensing New Zealand (CLNZ) filing a case with the Tribunal. CLNZ has said that there has been an increase in the average number of pages copied and many students were charged extra for ‘course packs’ which contain copyright material:  CLNZ chief executive Paula Browning says many universities have increased student fees by the maximum amount allowable, and then charge students additional fees for course packs which contain copyrighted materials saying “"Fees charged per pack are significant - up to $85.00 in some cases. At the same time the universities are paying just $20 per student per year to compensate authors and publishers whose works are included in the course packs” adding "Despite increases in the average number of pages being copied per student and the ability the licence gives universities to provide copies electronically to students, the universities aren't prepared to agree to the modest $6 increase in the annual fee sought, which hasn't been adjusted in over five years." The licensing scheme, operated by CLNZ ensures authors and publishers are remunerated for the use of their work.

A UNZ spokeswoman said CLNZ had chosen, without consultation, to refer its demands to the tribunal. The universities' copyright licence expired on December 31, but has been extended by CLNZ until the case is heard. No timeline is available as yet. The Copyright Tribunal is mandated to investigate what a reasonable fee is, taking into account all relevant circumstances.

http://www.odt.co.nz/campus/university-otago/248781/universities-face-copyright-action

First NZ file-share award: too little, or too much?

The 1709 Blog thanks Simon Fogarty (Senior Associate, A J Park, New Zealand) for the following highly topical news item:

"On 29 January 2013 the New Zealand Copyright Tribunal issued its first decision in relation to the file-sharing infringement provisions of the Copyright Act 1994. You can read the decision here.

In brief, the provisions are intended to give copyright owners – particularly in the music and film industries – a relatively quick and cheap way of dealing with unlawful peer to peer file sharing.

For a claim to go before the Copyright Tribunal a person must receive three infringement notices. The three notices are known as detection, warning and enforcement notices. After an enforcement notice has issued the copyright owner (or its representative) can request a ruling from the Copyright Tribunal. The tribunal will do that based on the papers filed although the tribunal can hold a hearing at the request of one party. This case was taken by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). The respondent is not identified in the decision.

In the decision the Copyright Tribunal confirms that, if a person does not challenge an infringement notice, there is a presumption that the file-sharing identified in each notice is an infringement.

In this case the respondent did not challenge any of the notices that RIANZ issued. In fact, the respondent acknowledged that at least one of the infringements occurred. However, she denied any knowledge of the two other infringements.

On the evidence, the tribunal ruled that the respondent downloaded and uploaded two songs. The respondent was therefore found to infringe copyright.

The tribunal then had to determine the penalty that the respondent had to pay. The tribunal must order a penalty sum unless it is manifestly unjust to do that. Any penalty is capped at a maximum of NZ$15,000.

The tribunal calculated a penalty of NZ$616.57 as follows.

• The damages component was based on what the respondent would have paid for lawfully downloading three tracks – NZ$6.57. 

• The contribution to the ISP's fees for processing the three notices was set at NZ$50 – the actual fees were NZ$75. 

• The applicant's NZ$200 official fee. 

• A deterrent sum calculated at NZ$360.

When calculating the deterrent sum, the tribunal took into account

• the flagrancy of the infringement 

• the effect of the infringing activity on the market for the work 

• whether the other sums awarded in the penalty are a sufficient deterrent to future infringing.

The tribunal held that the infringing was not flagrant and that there was no evidence that the respondent's uploading had any detrimental impact on the market for the works. The tribunal ruled that because the other penalty sums were modest, the respondent should be fined a deterrent sum of NZ$120 per infringement.

There has been a mixed reaction to the decision, including comments that this is a bad law as the onus is primarily on the defendant. There is also some speculation that the sum awarded is too low to be effective.

In relation to the latter point the decision sends a clear message to internet users that they can be penalised if they breach the provisions of the Act. At first blush NZ$616.57 may not seem like a high penalty. But for the majority of people, having to pay that fine would be a burden. Certainly, it is far more than the NZ$6.57 that the respondent would have paid if she had downloaded the songs lawfully".

The fine, in European terms, works out at about 380 euro, or US$ 520. Is it a meaningful deterrent? Is it excessive in relation to the infringement, or inadequate in relation to the complexity and bureaucracy of the procedure which leads to it?  And how is it distributed?  Readers may have further questions. This is a good time and place to ask them.